Translation between higher-order and debruijn lambda terms

Executable Specification

[View debruijn.mod]
module debruijn.

add z C C.
add (s A) B (s C) :- add A B C.

% H here is the height (depth) of lambda abstractions
ho2db (app M N) H (dapp DM DN) :- ho2db M H DM, ho2db N H DN.
ho2db (lam R) H (dlam DR) :- pi x\ depth x H => ho2db (R x) (s H) DR.
ho2db X H (dvar DX) :- depth X HX, add HX DX H.

Reasoning

[View debruijn.thm] [Show All Proofs] [Hide All Proofs]

Click on a command or tactic to see a detailed view of its use.

%% Translation between higher-order and debruijn lambda terms
%%
%% A similar result is shown for Twelf at
%%   http://twelf.plparty.org/wiki/Concrete_representation
%% They seem to need many contorsions which are unrelated to the
%% actual task of the translation. They also define both a forward
%% and backward translation, whereas we use a single translation and
%% prove it deterministic in both directions. Their key difficulty
%% is that they cannot use hypothetical assumptions like our (depth X N)
%% since regular worlds are not powerful enough to specify the
%% form of contexts which are created (e.g. they cannot show the
%% natural number N must be unique).


%% General property of member

Theorem member_prune : forall E L, nabla x,
  member (E x) L -> exists F, E = y\F. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
induction on 1. intros. case H1.
  search.
  apply IH to H2. search.


%% Properties of addition

Define nat z.
Define nat (s X) := nat X.

Define le X X.
Define le X (s Y) := le X Y.

Theorem le_dec : forall X Y,
  le (s X) Y -> le X Y. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
induction on 1. intros. case H1.
  search.
  apply IH to H2. search.

Theorem le_absurd : forall X,
  nat X -> le (s X) X -> false. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
induction on 1. intros. case H1.
  case H2.
  case H2. apply le_dec to H4. apply IH to H3 H5.

Theorem add_le : forall A B C,
  {add A B C} -> le B C. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
induction on 1. intros. case H1.
  search.
  apply IH to H2. search.

Theorem add_absurd : forall A C,
  nat C -> {add A (s C) C} -> false. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
intros. apply add_le to H2. apply le_absurd to H1 H3.

Theorem add_zero : forall A C,
  nat C -> {add A C C} -> A = z. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
intros. case H2.
  search.
  case H1. apply add_absurd to H4 H3.

% add is deterministic in its first argument
Theorem add_det1 : forall A1 A2 B C,
  nat C -> {add A1 B C} -> {add A2 B C} -> A1 = A2. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
induction on 2. intros. case H2.
  apply add_zero to H1 H3. search.
  case H3.
    case H1. apply add_absurd to H5 H4.
    case H1. apply IH to H6 H4 H5. search.

% add is deterministic in its second argument
Theorem add_det2 : forall A B1 B2 C,
  {add A B1 C} -> {add A B2 C} -> B1 = B2. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
induction on 1. intros. case H1.
  case H2. search.
  case H2. apply IH to H3 H4. search.


%% Theorems specific to our translation

Define ctx nil z.
Define nabla x, ctx (depth x H :: L) (s H) := ctx L H.

Define nabla x, name x.

Theorem ctx_nat : forall L H,
  ctx L H -> nat H. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
induction on 1. intros. case H1.
  search.
  apply IH to H2. search.

Theorem ctx_world : forall E L H,
  ctx L H -> member E L -> exists X HX, E = depth X HX /\ name X. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
induction on 1. intros. case H1.
  case H2.
  case H2.
    search.
    apply member_prune to H4. apply IH to H3 H4. search.

Theorem depth_name : forall L H X HX,
  ctx L H -> {L |- depth X HX} -> name X. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
intros. case H2. apply ctx_world to H1 H3. search.

Theorem member_depth_det2 : forall L H X H1 H2,
  ctx L H -> member (depth X H1) L -> member (depth X H2) L -> H1 = H2. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
induction on 2. intros. case H2.
  case H3.
    search.
    case H1. apply member_prune to H4.
  case H3.
    case H1. apply member_prune to H4.
    case H1. apply IH to H6 H4 H5. search.

Theorem depth_det2 : forall L H X H1 H2,
  ctx L H -> {L |- depth X H1} -> {L |- depth X H2} -> H1 = H2. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
intros. case H2. case H3. apply member_depth_det2 to H1 H4 H5. search.

Theorem ctx_member_absurd : forall X H1 H2 L,
  ctx L H1 -> member (depth X H2) L -> le H1 H2 -> false. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
induction on 2. intros. case H2.
  case H1. apply ctx_nat to H4. apply le_absurd to H5 H3.
  case H1. apply member_prune to H4.
    apply le_dec to H3. apply IH to H5 H4 H6.

Theorem member_depth_det1 : forall L H X1 X2 HX,
  ctx L H -> member (depth X1 HX) L -> member (depth X2 HX) L -> X1 = X2. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
induction on 2. intros. case H2.
  case H3.
    search.
    case H1. apply ctx_member_absurd to H5 H4 _.
  case H3.
    case H1. apply ctx_member_absurd to H5 H4 _.
    case H1. apply IH to H6 H4 H5. search.

Theorem depth_det1 : forall L H X1 X2 HX,
  ctx L H -> {L |- depth X1 HX} -> {L |- depth X2 HX} -> X1 = X2. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
intros. case H2. case H3. apply member_depth_det1 to H1 H4 H5. search.

Theorem add_ignores_ctx : forall L H A B C,
  ctx L H -> {L |- add A B C} -> {add A B C}. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
induction on 2. intros. case H2.
  apply ctx_world to H1 H3.
  search.
  apply IH to H1 H3. search.


%% ho2db is deterministic in its third argument
%% ie, higher-order --> debruijn is unique
Theorem ho2db_det3 : forall L M D1 D2 H,
  ctx L H -> {L |- ho2db M H D1} -> {L |- ho2db M H D2} -> D1 = D2. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
induction on 2. intros. case H2.
  apply ctx_world to H1 H4.
  case H3.
    apply ctx_world to H1 H6.
    apply IH to H1 H4 H6. apply IH to H1 H5 H7. search.
    apply depth_name to H1 H6. case H8.
  case H3.
    apply ctx_world to H1 H5.
    apply ctx_nat to H1. apply IH to _ H4 H5. search.
    apply depth_name to H1 H5. case H7.
  case H3.
    apply ctx_world to H1 H6.
    apply depth_name to H1 H4. case H8.
    apply depth_name to H1 H4. case H7.
    apply depth_det2 to H1 H4 H6.
      apply add_ignores_ctx to H1 H5. apply add_ignores_ctx to H1 H7.
        apply add_det2 to H8 H9. search.

Theorem ho2db_det3_simple : forall M D1 D2,
  {ho2db M z D1} -> {ho2db M z D2} -> D1 = D2. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
intros. apply ho2db_det3 to _ H1 H2. search.


%% ho2db is deterministic in its first argument
%% ie, debruijn --> higher-order is unique
%% proof is mostly the same as ho2db_det3 except with fewer cases
Theorem ho2db_det1 : forall L M1 M2 D H,
  ctx L H -> {L |- ho2db M1 H D} -> {L |- ho2db M2 H D} -> M1 = M2. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
induction on 2. intros. case H2.
  apply ctx_world to H1 H4.
  case H3.
    apply ctx_world to H1 H6.
    apply IH to H1 H4 H6. apply IH to H1 H5 H7. search.
  case H3.
    apply ctx_world to H1 H5.
    apply ctx_nat to H1. apply IH to _ H4 H5. search.
  case H3.
    apply ctx_world to H1 H6.
    apply add_ignores_ctx to H1 H5. apply add_ignores_ctx to H1 H7.
      apply ctx_nat to H1. apply add_det1 to H10 H8 H9.
        apply depth_det1 to H1 H4 H6. search.

Theorem ho2db_det1_simple : forall M1 M2 D,
  {ho2db M1 z D} -> {ho2db M2 z D} -> M1 = M2. [Show Proof][Hide Proof]
intros. apply ho2db_det1 to _ H1 H2. search.